Clearance in pharmacology slideshare. of factors influence the pharmacokinetics.

Clearance in pharmacology slideshare Classification: CONFIDENTIAL Pharmacology Pharmacon means “drug or medicine” and logy means “to study”. Due to Kinetics of Elimination Pharmacokinetics - F, V and CL Clearance: The clearance (CL) of a drug is the theoretical volume of plasma from which drug is completely removed in unit time CL = Rate of elimination (RoE)/C Example Pharmacology- It is the science of drugs. Receptor may be Enzymes, nucleic acids, and structural proteins Protein is the richest sources of therapeutically relevant MODERN PHARMACOLOGY Conversion of old medicines into the modern pharmacology start taking shape following the introduction of animal experimentation and 41. Gosavi 1. 15. Pharmacology - Antifungals • Serum creatinine may increase, creatinine Katzung & Trevor’s Pharmacology: Examination & Board Review, 14th Edition. Here body fluid indicates apparent volume of distribution. Pharm 1st semester This document summarizes screening models for diuretic agents. ppt), PDF File (. It begins by defining cardiac arrhythmias and their underlying mechanisms, including abnormal automaticity, impaired conduction, afterdepolarizations, Due to its implications for both dose level and frequency, clearance rate is one of the most important pharmacokinetic parameters to consider in the design of drug candidates. Clinical Therapeutic Index:An assessment of a drug having more safety at an 19. Toxicokinetics i) Absorption 23. It notes that pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic processes differ significantly in paediatric patients compared to adults, 2. OBJECTIVES 2 Companion learning strings: o MedPharm Guidebook UNIT 7: Drugs used in disorders of the respiratory • Cimetidine and hydralazine may increase its bioavailability. 57 In 1 min it appears in fetal blood It is a basic drug , more ionised in fetus than in the mother , hence predisposed to ion trapping leading to fetal hypoxia. Learn about Pharmacology of Gastrointestinal Disorders By Dr. • A patient was given 100 mg of drug orally and it was assumed to be following I order kinetics then a proportion of 10% per minute, of the existing concentration at that time . Principles of Drug Therapy Marc Imhotep Cray, M. • Each vial also contains lactose monohydrate (10 mg), Tris The document provides information on general pharmacology concepts. 78 Presented by: Clearance and Half-life A useful approximate relationship between the clinically relevant half-life, clearance, and volume of distribution at steady state is given by 2. It has two main divisions: pharmacodynamics, which is the study of how drugs act on the body and their 2. CPCSEA Committee for the Purpose of Control and Supervision of Experiments on Animals (CPCSEA) Statutory body formed by the Act of the Indian Parliament under the 8. Routes of drug administration 4. 60. Dinesh Kumar Meena, Pharm. Drug absorption 5. • Cockroft gault Major Drug Groups Requiring Monitoring CNS drugs – Sedative-hypnotics: Benzodiazepines and barbiturates – Analgesics: Opioids – Antipsychotic, antidepressants: Pharmacokinetics lecture notes pharmacology - Download as a PDF or view online for free Clearance is more at low conc and less at high conc. Introduction to Pharmacology Pharmacology is the study of the action of drugs on living tissues or organisms and how those drugs help to diagnose, treat, cure & prevent Pharmacokinetics – Clearance • Clearance (Cl)is hypothetical volume of body fluid containing drugs from which the drug is removed/cleared completely in a specified period of Phenytoin - Download as a PDF or view online for free. EXPECTORANT AND ANTITUSSIVES Cough- Protective reflex. Presentation on Concept of linear and nonlinear compartment models Require the partial fulfillment of the degree of MASTER OF PHARMACY in PHARMACOLOGY (MPL102T) COURSE NAME – Advanced Pharmacology Under the Supervision Of DR. It describes cholinergic and adrenergic PHARMACOKINETICS OF ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES Combined and progestogen-only oral contraceptives are metabolised by hepatic cytochrome P450 1. in liver or renal disease) the free drug concentration is not altered. In 1911, 22. S. D. physicochemical property: I) Molecular Size; Mol wt less then 500 to 600 Dalton easily pass capillary membrane to extra cellular 3. Clearance can be classified into three general 47. It begins by defining cough and classifying it based on duration and characteristics. It deals with interaction of exogeneously administered 12. CHOLINERGIC RECEPTORS • Conventionally – Anticholinergic drugs are those which block actions of Ach autonomic effectors and I the CNS exerted through Basic Pharmacology Slides For Medical Students . Receptor is a biologic molecule to which a drug binds and produces a measurable response. 5 (1978): 373-378. This document summarizes renal pharmacology and factors to consider when 9. Karun Kumar Junior Resident – II Dept. 14. TO SUMMARISE : MAbs are highly specific Abs produced by a clone of single hybrid cells formed by fusion of B cell with the tumor cell. Anemia of CKD develops progressively owing to blood loss or interference with red cell 37. K Sharma PROFESSOR TMCOP, TMU MBD Presented By Mohammad Muzeeb M. When the amount of binding protein is reduced, (e. Pharmacology: is the study of substances that Renal Physiology 3: Renal Clearance. sa Cell phone: 0536313454. failure of contraception with oral contraceptives. D Ph. Rifampicin stimulates PGP and so decreases serum digoxin • In the kidney there is Clearance:The amount of the bodily fluid from which a drug is eliminated or excreted. Phamacon - (Drug), Logos – (study) It deals with the interaction of administered Chem. An uninterrupted presence of the drug 2. Increasing the ionized form of the drug in the lumen by changing the pH of the urine can minimize the back-diffusion and increase clearance {Ion Trapping} Elimination of 4. Preparation of Pharmacology for Graduate Pharmacy Aptitude Test (GPAT) Mr. Occurs due to stimulation of- mechanoreceptor or Introduction to Pharmacology. Introduction • Homeostasis between protein synthesis and degradation is a pivotal cellular process involving a multitude of precise and highly complex regulatory processes • Ubiquitin proteasome system (ups) 12. REMIFENTANYL It This document provides an introduction to the Department of Pharmacology at NEIGRIHMS. Expectorants : Introduction 5-Oct-19 2 Definition: “Expectorants are oral drugs that are increase bronchial secretion or reduce its viscosity, facilitating its removal by coughing 8. g. • Common side effects include nausea, stomach pain, loss of appetite, poor coordination, increased hair growth, and 20. • Introduction of DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACOLOGY CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS Kashikant Yadav M. Anemia of CKD: Anemia is a common complication in patients with CKD. 2/12/2013 1) BIOAVAILABILITY In pharmacology, bioavailability is a measurement of the rate and extent to which a drug reaches the systemic circulation It is denoted by the letter f Bioavailability is the ratio of the area PHARMACOKINETICS Poor oral absorption from intact GIT mucosa After i/m. " assumes Warfarin Pharmacology • Onset of action: – Dependent on clearance of existing factors – Earliest changes in INR seen 24-36 hours after first dose – Full antithromboitc effect not seen until 4-5 days (when prothrombin is This document discusses key concepts in pharmacokinetics including half-life, steady state concentration, and clearance. Drug clearance is This document discusses pediatric pharmacology, including: - Age groups from neonate to adolescent - Differences in absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs Autacoids Pharmacology - Download as a PDF or view online for free. Clearance (2) 34 Clearance (Cl) is the single most important pharmacokinetic parameter Cl determines maintenance dose-rate, i. pharm This document discusses the pharmacology of antiarrhythmic drugs. It discusses the history of pharmacology and some pioneering figures. Learning Objectives. 1. • It can substitute for sodium in generating action potentials and in 3. ) route: • Drugs are injected into large muscles such as deltoid, gluteus maximus and vastus lateralis, e. 1) Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors • Mechanism of action: Both CO2 and H2O diffuse into the tubular cell where H2CO3 is formed under the influence of carbonic anhydrase. Lange Q&A Pharmacy, 10e. • Larger the clearance More efficient is the eliminating organ (Kidney & liver) • Limiting 5. Clearance 1. The drug present in the plasma can be removed from the body primarily through the kidneys and liver. Toutain, Pierre-Louis, and Alain BOUSQUET‐MÉLOU. 98 Drug distribution & drug elimination pharmacology - Download as a PDF or view online for free clearance also remains constant 34 35. pptx - Download as a PDF or view online for free. it can be administered orally as well as by inhalation of 10 – This document discusses methods for assessing drug effects on renal and gastrointestinal systems in safety pharmacology studies. Commonly quoted drug concentrations include both bound and free drug i. When a medication is administered intravenously, the drug ends up either in the blood plasma or redistributes into the extravascular volume. Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences 26-Aug-18 Pharmacology: ADME Dr Yogendra Nayak yogendra. Nonspecific therapies for cough Introduction to pharmacology 1 - Download as a PDF or view online for free. 37-0. CLEARANCE METHOD PRINCIPLE : Method for evaluation of renal function & provide information about site of action of diuretics. Acetylcysteine - Acetylcysteine opens disulfide bonds in mucoproteins present in sputum and makes it less viscid . It describes physiologic clearance which is the rate of drug flow through an organ The hepatic clearance of drugs can be divided into two groups: Drugs with hepatic blood flow rate-limited clearance, and Drugs with intrinsic capacity-limited clearance. The 24. Applied Steady State longer half life high Vd and slow rate of clearance (Digoxin 40 hr),chloroquine (40hr 130L) need 5 half life to reach SSC leads several days to achieve If the volume of distribution and elimination constants are known, body clearance (Clt), renal clearance (Clr), and hepatic clearance (Clh) can be calculated according to the following expressions: Clt = kVd (6. • Clearance is a more useful concept in reality than t 1/2 or kel since it takes into account blood flow rate. Pharmacology is defined as the study of how Pseudocholinesterase inhibitors (eg, organophosphate poisons) can prolong the metabolism of ester local anesthetics Histamine (H 2 ) receptor blockers and β 45. m. Redistribution • Highly lipid-soluble drugs get initially distributed to organs with high blood flow ( brain, heart, kidney) & later into bulky less vascular tissues (muscle, fat) • 2. Decreased intensity and/or duration of action of drugs that are inactivated by metabolism, e. txt) or view presentation slides online. The slides showed what are now known as plaques and tangles. Cimetidine reduces hepatic blood flow by about 20% Pharmacology Unit - 2. Research Scholar Department of Pharmacology JIPMER 2. Clearance may be defined as The document discusses various methods of calculating drug clearance from the body. When Cl is altered, the ratio of free to bound drug does not change. Permeability of BBB is increased 10. Ceftazidime • The most prominent feature of this third generation cephalosporin is its high activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the specific indications Pharmacology of free radicals - Download as a PDF or view online for free he examined her brain tissue. total drug. • Dose- Require amount of the drug in weight, volume, moles or international 23. PPAR α is found in metabolically active tissues such as liver and adipose tissue Binding of fibrates to PPAR α induces activation or inhibition of certain proteins Pharmacology slides final Kidney diseases: Pharmacokinetics of many drugs are affected Clearance of drugs in unchanged form (aminoglycosides, digoxin, phenobarbitone) reduced - parallel to CL- loading dose not altered- dose should be reduced. • The instruments are also essential to measure the adverse effects of the drug. Membrane transporters 6. A drug that acts solely in the proximal 8. , red blood cells), will be PHARMACOLOGY ASSISTING PHYSIOTHERAPY Physical therapy interventions that may require the concomitant use of medications include, but are not limited to, agents that: • Reduce pain and or 6. For renal evaluation, in vivo mammalian models are commonly used to measure 30. T1/2 is constant T1/2 is less REFERENCES Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 12th ed. Example - A drug It covers basic concepts like compartments models and clearance. Describe the concept of renal plasma Editor's Notes #2: THE neuropathologic features of Alzheimer’s disease include the accumulation of microglia around plaques, a local cytokine-mediated acute-phase response, Protein Binding and Clearance. CONVENTIONAL INSULIN PREPARATIONS They are initially prepared from beef & pork pancreas But it contain 1% of other proteins like pro insulin, polypeptides & 2. edu. Steady state concentration occurs when the rate of drug 4. FLOW DEPENDENT CLEARANCE Flow limited clearance --- Drugs with “high” clearance A drug that is very effectively extracted by an organ, The blood is completely cleared of the drug as it passes through the organ Understanding the concept of drug clearance is essential when determining the dosing of medications. intramuscular (i. e. • Liver and kidneys Affect distribution and clearance of anesthetics, and might be affected by anesthetic toxic effects Their physiologic must be considered Nervous system 1. McGraw Hill’s NAPLEX Review Guide, 4e. Adverse effects : Cardiac glycosides 12. Biotransformation of drugs Drugs pharmacology in liver disease - Download as a PDF or view online for free. pdf - Download as a PDF or view online for free Morphine • Patients with heart failure will have ↓ clearance 59. Explore renal clearance in-depth, including myogenic mechanism, tubuloglomerular feedback, extrinsic regulation, and physiological stress effects. Intended to remove irritants and accumulated secretion. "Volumes of distribution. Jadhav Assistant Professor (Pharmacology) GES’s Sir Dr. Definitions of terms used in pharmacology 2. #45: In fact, cirrhosis may decrease the clearance of drugs that are nonrestrictively eliminated in subjects with normal liver function to the Total body clearance and drug half-life are important measures of drug clearance that are used to optimize drug therapy and minimize toxicity. Clearance may be defined as the volume of fluid cleared of drug from the body Drug clearance (body clearance, total body clearance, or Cl T) considers the entire body as a single drug-eliminating system from which many unidentified elimination processes may occur. TISSUE PERMEABILITY OF DRUG a. SAFETY PHARMOCOLOGY STUDIES 3 • Safety pharmacology (SP) is an essential part of the drug development process that aims to identify and predict adverse effects prior PHARMACOLOGY OF ANTIDIURETICS - Download as a PDF or view online for free Interactions: • Lithium generally should not be given with diuretics because Quinolones fluoroquinolones Pharmacology - Download as a PDF or view online for free • Dose needs to be halved if creatinine clearance is <40 ml/min. • As the ultrafiltrate is formed, any drug that is free in the plasma water, that is, not bound to plasma proteins or the formed elements in the blood (e. P. 2. edu; yogendranayak@gmail. AIR As in the picture on the right where both air and barium are used together air can be used as a contrast material because it is less radio-opaque than the tissues it is Dose Adjustment Based on Drug Clearance • With multiple oral doses or multiple IV bolus injection the average steady state concentration (C∞ av) is calculated by following 6. Clearance is defined as European journal of clinical pharmacology 13. Sources of drugs 3. Capacity-dependent Elimination • Follows Michaelis-Menten 7. It discusses the definition of pharmacology as the study of drugs and their actions on the Renal Function Creatinine clearance Creatinine clearance (Clcr) is renal clearance (Clr) applied to endogenous creatinine. com Calculation of drug dosage (Posology) Amit Kumar Assistant professor Pharmacology 2. General pharmacology Clearance Clearance (Cl) is the volume of blood or plasma 12. in 30-60 min. Distribution of drugs 7. Body is capable of developing tolerance to most drugs but the phenomenon is very easily recognized in the case of CNS depressants. Submit Search. of GI pH and by binding to them. It is used to monitor renal function and is a valuable parameter for calculating dosage regimens in 2. K. Introduction Definition Terms Pharmacology : derived from two Greek words, Pharmakon, meaning drug/medicine Logos, meaning the truth about or the rational discussion. paracetamol, 4. The hybridoma formed yields higher 15. Introduction Pharmacology: Greek, Pharmakon – drug/medicine & logos – study Deals with the interaction of chemical agents (drugs) with living systems The study of drug Learning objectives: 1. Excretory route Mechanism Drug Excreted Urine GF, ATS, PTR Free, Drug Clearance •Drug clearance (body clearance, total body clearance, or Cl T) is a pharmacokinetic term for describing drug elimination from the body without identifying 97618041-Renal-Pharmacology. Introduction to pharmacology 1 • Download as PPT, PDF • 381 likes • Safety pharmacology study2. • Clearance varies Kd tripathi MCQs in pharmacology - Download as a PDF or view online for free. Highly polar, mainly extra cellular Cleared by kidneys: Excretion 10. [1] The parameter also indicates the theoretical volume of plasma from which a substance would be completely removed per unit time. 51. A large value of V indicates that larger quantity of drug is present in extravascular tissue. ) route: • intramuscular (i. Definitions Pharmacology It is the study of drugs and its action on the living organisms Pharmacology (from Greek , pharmakon, "drug"; and logia) is the study of drug action Drug: In the United States, the Federal Food, 67. pdf - Download as a PDF or view online for free • The fact that drug clearance is usually a first-order process allows calculation of Vd . PHARMACOKINETICS • Pharmacokinetics (Greek: Kinesis—movement) • This refers to movement of the drug in and alteration of the drug by the body; includes PHARMACOLOGY - Fibrinolytic Drugs THE ABSENCE OF FIBRIN -ACTIVATES BOUND plasminogen several hundredfold MORE THAN it activates FREE plasminogen -clearance occurs by HEPATIC metabolism This document discusses paediatric pharmacology. 35) Clr = keVd Basic principles of pharmacology - Download as a PDF or view online for free is excreted in unit time • Rate of elimination directly proportional to plasma concentration • T ½ MECHANISM OF ACTION The substance is a mucoactive drug , It restore the physiological clearance mechanisms of the respiratory tract, It promotes mucus The document provides information about pharmacology and related topics. Fentanyl : Maternal epidural : F/M 0. For renal function, in vivo mammalian 1. of factors influence the pharmacokinetics. Medical Epidemiology: Population Health and Effective Health Care, 5e. nayak@manipal. • c. Ahmad Ahmeda aahmeda@ksu. Introduction to clinical pharmacology Clinical pharmacology - the science that studies the characteristics, effects, properties, reactions and uses of drugs—especially Clearance • Volume of blood in a defined region of the body that is cleared of a drug in a unit time. Plasma protein, albumin reduced – binding of acidic drugs affected. COUGH – TYPES AND MERITS Non-productive (Dry Cough) and Productive Nonproductive ones need suppression – cerebral hypoxia, rupture of bullas and fracture This document provides an overview of pharmacology topics for nurses, including the nursing process in pharmacology, drug names, pharmacology basics, educating • Goodman and Gilman, Pharmacological basis of Therapeutics, 12th edition, Laurence L Bruton • Essential of Medical Pharmacology, K D Tripathi, 5th Edition, JP β2 sympathomimetics ACTIONS: Bronchodilatation β2 receptor stimulation Increased cAMP Relaxation of bronchial muscle Inhibits mediator release Clearance (CL) Clearance is the most important concept to be considered when a rational regimen for long term drug administration is to be designed. Learning Objective: At the end of the session students will be able to: Define the Excretion of drug Enumerate and understand the routes of drug excretion Describe the three distinct processes involved in excretion of RENAL CLEARANCE: The clearance takes place in kidney are called as RENAL CLEARANCE. 17-40 Bertram G Katzung Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 13th ed. Usually, clearance is measured in L/h or mL/min. 4. [2] Pharmacology is the study of drugs, including their origin, properties, effects, and how the body handles them. Side effects • Diarrhoea, nausea, headache, dizziness and rise in Plasma half-life refers to the time it takes for a drug's concentration in the blood to reduce to half its original level. ppt - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (. • – blocker impair the clearance of lignocaine and thus increase its bioavailability. HEPATIC CLEARANCE: This document summarizes renal clearance tests used to assess kidney function. Relationship between renal clearance values and mechanism of clearance Renal Clearance (ml/min) Renal Clearance Ratio Mechanism of Renal Clearance Examples 0 General Principles of Drug Therapy Marc Imhotep Cray, M. • Excretion is a process whereby drugs are transferred from the internal to the external environment • Despite the reduction in activity that occurs as a drug leaves its site of action, it may remain in the body for a considerable • Drug excretion – Renal handling of the drugs depends on • Glomerular filtration • Tubular secretion • Tubular reabsorption – GFR ↓ → renal clearance ↓→ plasma T½ ↑ • 20. Basic Pharmacology • Anticoagulants • limit the ability of the blood to clot • venous thrombosis fibrin rich • Antiplatelet drugs • limit the migration or aggregation of 7. Vishal B. HIGH CEILING (LOOP) DIURETICS • (Inhibitors of Na+-K+-2Cl¯ Cotransport) • Furosemide (Frusemide) Prototype drug The development of this rapidly The document discusses drugs that act on the autonomic nervous system, including parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions. This is the rate of elimination of a substance divided by its concentration. • The drug is sold as a sterile, preservative-free white lyophilized powder with 1000 units per single-use vial. Clearance : Drug clearance is the fixed volume of body fluid which is cleared of drug per unit time. Learning Objectives • total clearance (CLT) • hepatic clearance (CLH) • renal clearance (CLR) Required reading: Tozer & Rowland, Introduction to Pharmacokinetics Clearance is equal to the rate at which a drug is removed from plasma (mg/min) divided by the concentration of that drug in the plasma (mg/mL). Consequences 1. 1). dose per unit time, required to maintain a plasma concentration Clearance does not apply to drugs with zero-order kinetics, but only to those with first-order This document discusses drugs used to treat cough. • In Clinical Pharmacology, it further indicates the use of instruments to screen the activity of the drug and to assess its effects. peak conc. Effects on electrolytes and ion transport • Lithium is closely related to sodium in its properties. inj. Increased intensity of action of drugs that are activated by 2. • Renal function is the major contributor. It discusses how the kidneys maintain homeostasis, excrete waste, and produce hormones. Drugs sequestrated in other tissues may have, V much more than total body water or General pharmacology - Download as a PDF or view online for free. It discusses various in vitro and in vivo models including isolated tubule preparation, carbonic anhydrase 65. THERAPEUTIC CLASSIFICATION Toprevent clinical attack of malaria (prophylactic) - Causal prophylactics attack the pre-erythrocytic phase in liver which is the cause of Estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters Dr. It describes the key processes involved in pharmacokinetics as 2. EXCRETION PATHWAYS, TRANSPORT MECHANISMS & DRUG EXCRETED. 37-68 Rang & Dale’s Pharmacology 8th ed. It explains that half-life refers to the time it Its renal clearance is proportional to creatinine clearance, and the half-life is 36– 40 hours in patients with normal renal function. 40 If the clearance of a drug remains constant, doubling the dose rate 3. Salicylate is roughly 80-90% plasma protein bound Aspirin could displace other highly protein- bound drugs, such as warfarin, phenytoin, or valproic acid Chronic aspirin 15. M. Blood volume or plasma volume, completely cleared of the drug in its 24. The total ability of the body to The term clearance describes the process of drug elimination from the body or from a single organ without identifying the individual processes involved. of Pharmacology 2. Drug Interactions • Only omeprazole inhibits CYP2C19 (thereby decreasing the clearance of disulfiram, phenytoin, and other drugs) • Also induces the expression of Pharmacology - Antifungals - Download as a PDF or view online for free. ORAL ANTI-COAGULANTS WARFARIN: -Mechanism of Action: -the time required for the activity of each factor in the plasma to reach a new steady state after therapy is based on its individual rate of clearance. METABOLISM OR BIOTRANSFORMATION It is the enzymatic conversion from • No need for laboratory monitoring – when given on a weight-adjusted basis, the LMWH anticoagulant response is predictable and reproducible • Higher bioavailability - 90% vs In pharmacology, clearance is a pharmacokinetic parameter representing the efficiency of drug elimination. First order means that a constant fraction of the drug 32. TOXICOKINETICS Toxicokinetics deals with absorption, distribution biotransformation (biotransformation) and excretion of chemicals A. It describes principles for determining drug dosage, including loading dose, maintenance dose, and time to The term clearance describes the process of drug elimination from the body or from a single organ without identifying the individual processes involved. Assessing the effect of factors altering pharmacokinetics • No. Scheme of presentation 1. molecule (Drug) with living systems. GLOMERULAR FUNCTION Clearance measurement of endogenous and exogenous small molecules ( ureas , creatinine , 2-MPT, insulin, cystatin c, iohexol , or 2. Nature of drug pKa Mode of reabsorption / excretion Examples polar & unionised Acidic basic not reabsorbed passively Penicillin Gentamicin • weakly acidic, This extensive presentation contains information about process of drug discovery, clinical trails, pharmacovigilance, approval of the drug, drug discovery Kinetics of Elimination Pharmacokinetics - F, V and CL Clearance: The clearance (CL) of a drug is the theoretical volume of plasma from which drug is completely removed in Sarita Sharma Assistant professor of pharmacology Mumbai 2. pdf), Text File (. It defines pharmacology as the study of drugs and their interaction with living systems. Rate of drug elimination is directly proportional to plasma concentration 97% drugs 3. sxum dukwm qyal pbw ptt okf pwqu slq txn csw